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Background  The New World monkey (Platyrrhini) subfamily Pitheciinae is represented by the genera  Pithecia ,  Chiropotes  and  Cacajao . In this work we studied the karyotypes of  Pithecia irrorata  (2n = 48) and  Cacajao calvus rubicundus  (2n = 45 in males and 2n = 46 in females) by G- and C-banding, NOR staining and chromosome painting using human and  Saguinus oedipus  whole chromosome probes. The karyotypes of both species were compared with each other and with  Chiropotes utahicki  (2n = 54) from the literature.    Results  Our results show that members of the Pitheciinae have conserved several chromosome forms found in the inferred ancestral Platyrrhini karyotype (associations of human homologous segments 3a/21, 5/7a, 2b/16b, 8a/18, 14/15a and 10a/16a). Further, the monophyly of this subfamily is supported by three chromosomal synapomorphies (2a/10b, an acrocentric 15/14 and an acrocentric human 19 homolog). In addition, each species presents several autapomorphies. From this data set we established a chromosomal phylogeny of Pitheciinae, resulting in a single most parsimonious tree.    Conclusions  In our chromosomal phylogeny, the genus  Pithecia  occurred in a more basal position close to the inferred ancestor of Platyrrhini, while  C. c. rubicundus  and  C. utahicki  are closely related and are linked by exclusive synapomorphies.

Chromosome phylogeny of the subfamily Pitheciinae (Platyrrhini, Primates) by classic cytogenetics and chromosome painting