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Background  During development cell migration takes place prior to differentiation of many cell types. The chemokine receptor Cxcr4 and its ligand Sdf1 are implicated in migration of several cell lineages, including appendicular muscles.    Results  We dissected the role of  sdf1 - cxcr4  during skeletal myogenesis. We demonstrated that the receptor  cxcr4a  is expressed in the medial-anterior part of somites, suggesting that chemokine signaling plays a role in this region of the somite. Previous reports emphasized co-operation of Sdf1a and Cxcr4b. We found that during early myogenesis Sdf1a co-operates with the second Cxcr4 of zebrafish – Cxcr4a resulting in the commitment of myoblast to form fast muscle. Disrupting this chemokine signal caused a reduction in  myoD  and  myf5  expression and fast fiber formation. In addition, we showed that a dimerization partner of MyoD and Myf5, E12, positively regulates transcription of  cxcr4a  and  sdf1a  in contrast to that of Sonic hedgehog, which inhibited these genes through induction of expression of  id2 .    Conclusion  We revealed a regulatory feedback mechanism between  cxcr4a - sdf1a  and genes encoding myogenic regulatory factors, which is involved in differentiation of fast myofibers. This demonstrated a role of chemokine signaling during development of skeletal muscles.

The chemokine Sdf-1 and its receptor Cxcr4 are required for formation of muscle in zebrafish