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Background  The visceral trunk mesoderm in  Drosophila melanogaster  develops under inductive signals from the ectoderm. This leads to the activation of the key regulators Tinman, Bagpipe and Biniou that are crucial for specification of the circular visceral muscles. How further differentiation is regulated is widely unknown, therefore it seems to be essential to identify downstream target genes of the early key regulators. In our report we focus on the analysis of the transcriptional control of the highly conserved transcription factor Hand in circular visceral muscle cells, providing evidence that the  hand  gene is a direct target of Biniou.    Results  Herein we describe the identification of a regulatory region in the  hand  gene essential and sufficient for the expression in the visceral mesoderm during embryogenesis. We found that  hand  expression in the circular visceral mesoderm is abolished in embryos mutant for the FoxF domain containing transcription factor Biniou. Furthermore we demonstrate that Biniou regulates  hand  expression by direct binding to a 300 bp sequence element, located within the 3 rd  intron of the  hand  gene. This regulatory element is highly conserved in different  Drosophila  species. In addition, we provide evidence that Hand is dispensable for the initial differentiation of the embryonic visceral mesoderm.    Conclusion  In the present report we show that cross species sequence comparison of non-coding sequences between orthologous genes is a powerful tool to identify conserved regulatory elements. Combining functional dissection experiments  in vivo  and protein/DNA binding studies we identified  hand  as a direct target of Biniou in the circular visceral muscles.

Hand is a direct target of the forkhead transcription factor Biniou during Drosophilavisceral mesoderm differentiation