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Background  The NKG2D receptor confers important activating signals to NK cells via ligands expressed during cellular stress and viral infection. This receptor has generated great interest because not only is it expressed on NK cells, but it is also seen in virtually all CD8 +  cytotoxic T cells and is classically considered absent in CD4 +  T cells. However, recent studies have identified a distinctive population of CD4 +  T cells that do express NKG2D, which could represent a particular cytotoxic effector population involved in viral infections and chronic diseases. On the other hand, increased incidence of human papillomavirus-associated lesions in CD4 +  T cell-immunocompromised individuals suggests that CD4 +  T cells play a key role in controlling the viral infection. Therefore, this study was focused on identifying the frequency of NKG2D-expressing CD4 +  T cells in patients with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 1. Additionally, factors influencing CD4 + NKG2D +  T cell expansion were also measured.    Results  Close to 50% of patients with CIN 1 contained at least one of the 37 HPV types detected by our genotyping system. A tendency for increased CD4 +  T cells and CD8 +  T cells and decreased NK cells was found in CIN 1 patients. The percentage of circulating CD4 +  T cells co-expressing the NKG2D receptor significantly increased in women with CIN 1  versus  control group. Interestingly, the increase of CD4 + NKG2D +  T cells was seen in patients with CIN 1, despite the overall levels of CD4 +  T cells did not significantly increase. We also found a significant increase of soluble MICB in CIN 1 patients; however, no correlation with the presence of CD4 + NKG2D +  T cells was seen. While TGF-beta was significantly decreased in the group of CIN 1 patients, both TNF-alpha and IL-15 showed a tendency to increase in this group.    Conclusions  Taken together, our results suggest that the significant increase within the CD4 + NKG2D +  T cell population in CIN 1 patients might be the result of a chronic exposure to viral and/or pro-inflammatory factors, and concomitantly might also influence the clearance of CIN 1-type lesion.

Substantial increase in the frequency of circulating CD4+NKG2D+ T cells in patients with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 1