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Nosemosis caused by the microsporidia  Nosema apis  and  Nosema ceranae  are among the most common pathologies affecting adult honey bees.  N. apis  infection has been associated with a reduced lifespan of infected bees and increased winter mortality, and its negative impact on colony strength and productivity has been described in several studies. By contrast, when the effects of nosemosis type C, caused by  N. ceranae  infection, have been analysed at the colony level, these studies have largely focused on collapse as a response to infection without addressing the potential sub-clinical effects on colony strength and productivity. Given the spread and prevalence of  N. ceranae  worldwide, we set out here to characterize the sub-clinical and clinical signs of  N. ceranae  infection on colony strength and productivity. We evaluated the evolution of 50 honey bee colonies naturally infected by  Nosema  (mainly  N. ceranae ) over a one year period. Under our experimental conditions,  N. ceranae  infection was highly pathogenic for honey bee colonies, producing significant reductions in colony size, brood rearing and honey production. These deleterious effects at the colony level may affect beekeeping profitability and have serious consequences on pollination. Further research is necessary to identify possible treatments or beekeeping techniques that will limit the rapid spread of this dangerous emerging disease.

Nosema spp. infection and its negative effects on honey bees (Apis mellifera iberiensis) at the colony level