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The mycotoxin T-2 toxin and  Salmonella  Typhimurium infections pose a significant threat to human and animal health. Interactions between both agents may result in a different outcome of the infection. Therefore, the aim of the presented study was to investigate the effects of low and relevant concentrations of T-2 toxin on the course of a  Salmonella  Typhimurium infection in pigs. We showed that the presence of 15 and 83 μg T-2 toxin per kg feed significantly decreased the amount of  Salmonella  Typhimurium bacteria present in the cecum contents, and a tendency to a reduced colonization of the jejunum, ileum, cecum, colon and colon contents was noticed. In vitro, proteomic analysis of porcine enterocytes revealed that a very low concentration of T-2 toxin (5 ng/mL) affects the protein expression of mitochondrial, endoplasmatic reticulum and cytoskeleton associated proteins, proteins involved in protein synthesis and folding, RNA synthesis, mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling and regulatory processes. Similarly low concentrations (1-100 ng/mL) promoted the susceptibility of porcine macrophages and intestinal epithelial cells to  Salmonella  Typhimurium invasion, in a SPI-1 independent manner. Furthermore, T-2 toxin (1-5 ng/mL) promoted the translocation of  Salmonella  Typhimurium over an intestinal porcine epithelial cell monolayer. Although these findings may seem in favour of  Salmonella  Typhimurium, microarray analysis showed that T-2 toxin (5 ng/mL) causes an intoxication of  Salmonella  Typhimurium, represented by a reduced motility and a downregulation of metabolic and  Salmonella  Pathogenicity Island 1 genes. This study demonstrates marked interactions of T-2 toxin with  Salmonella  Typhimurium pathogenesis, resulting in bacterial intoxication.

veterinary research

T-2 toxin induced Salmonella Typhimurium intoxication results in decreased Salmonella numbers in the cecum contents of pigs, despite marked effects on Salmonella-host cell interactions