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Background  The study was conducted to evaluate the  in vitro  antimicrobial activity, cytotoxic, and membrane stabilization activities, and  in vivo  antiemetic and antipyretic potentials of ethanolic extract, n-hexane and ethyl acetate soluble fractions of  Spilanthes paniculata  leaves for the first time widely used in the traditional treatments in Bangladesh.    Results  In antipyretic activity assay, a significant reduction ( P  < 0.05) was observed in the temperature in the mice tested. At dose 400 mg/kg-body weight, the n-hexane soluble fraction showed the effect (36.7 ± 0.63°C ) as like as the standard (dose 150 mg/kg-body weight) after 5 h of administration. Extracts showed significant ( P  < 0.001) potential when tested for the antiemetic activity compared to the standard, metoclopramide. At dose 50 mg/kg-body weight, the standard showed 67.23% inhibition, whereas n-hexane and ethyl acetate soluble fractions showed 37.53% and 24.93% inhibition of emesis respectively at dose 400 mg/kg-body weight. In antimicrobial activity assay, the n-hexane soluble fraction (400 μg/disc) showed salient activity against the tested organisms. It exerts highest activity against  Salmonella typhi  (16.9 mm zone of inhibition); besides, crude, and ethyl acetate extracts showed resistance to  Bacillus cereus  and  Bacillus subtilis , and  Vibrio cholera  respectively. All the extracts were tested for lysis of the erythrocytes. At the concentration of 1mg/ml, ethanol extract, and n-hexane and ethyl acetate soluble fractions significantly inhibited hypotonic solution induced lysis of the human red blood cell (HRBC) (27.406 ± 3.57, 46.034 ± 3.251, and 30.72 ± 5.679% respectively); where standard drug acetylsalicylic acid (concentration 0.1 mg/ml) showed 77.276 ± 0.321% inhibition. In case of heat induced HRBC hemolysis, the plant extracts also showed significant activity (34.21 ± 4.72, 21.81 ± 3.08, and 27.62 ± 8.79% inhibition respectively). In the brine shrimp lethality bioassay, the n-hexane fraction showed potent (LC 50  value 48.978 μg/ml) activity, whereas ethyl acetate fraction showed mild (LC 50  value 216.77 μg/ml) cytotoxic activity.    Conclusions  Our results showed that the n-hexane extract has better effects than the other in all trials. In the context, it can be said that the leaves of  S. paniculata  possess remarkable pharmacological effects, and justify its folkloric use as antimicrobial, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, and antiemetic agent. Therefore, further research may be suggested to find possible mode of action of the plant part.

biological research

In vivo antipyretic, antiemetic, in vitro membrane stabilization, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic activities of different extracts from Spilanthes paniculata leaves