English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Zendy Plus

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Zendy Tools

Zendy Open

Rare-earth elements (REE) are viewed as ‘critical metals’ due to a complex array of production and political\udissues, most notably a near monopoly in supply from China. Red mud, the waste product of the Bayer\udprocess that produces alumina from bauxite, represents a potential secondary resource of REE. Karst bauxite\uddeposits represent the ideal source material for REE-enriched red mud as the conditions during formation of\udthe bauxite allow for the retention of REE. The REE pass through the Bayer Process and are concentrated in\udthe waste material. Millions of tonnes of red mud are currently stockpiled in onshore storage facilities across\udEurope, representing a potential REE resource. Red mud from two case study sites, one in Greece and the\udother in Turkey, has been found to contain an average of ∼1000 ppm total REE, with an enrichment of light\udover heavy REE. Although this is relatively low grade when compared with typical primary REE deposits\ud(Mountain Pass and MountWeld up to 80,000 ppm), it is of interest because of the large volumes available,\udthe cost benefits of reprocessing waste, and the low proportion of contained radioactive elements. This work\udshows that ∼12,000 tonnes of REE exist in red mud at the two case study areas alone, with much larger\udresources existing across Europe as a whole

A review of the potential for rare-earth element resources from European red muds: examples from Seydişehir, Turkey and Parnassus-Giona, Greece