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Background   Most evidence-based treatments (EBTs) for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and anxiety disorders include exposure; however, in community settings, the implementation of exposure lags behind other EBT components. Clinician-level determinants have been consistently implicated as barriers to exposure implementation, but few organizational determinants have been studied. The current study examines an organization-level determinant, implementation climate, and clinician-level determinants, clinician demographic and background factors, as predictors of attitudes toward exposure and changes in attitudes following training.Method   Clinicians ( n = 197) completed a 3-day training with 6 months of twice-monthly consultation. Clinicians were trained in cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for anxiety, depression, behavior problems, and trauma-focused CBT (TF-CBT). Demographic and background information, implementation climate, and attitudes toward exposure were assessed in a pre-training survey; attitudes were reassessed at post-consultation. Implementation climate was measured at the aggregated/group-level and clinician-level.Results   Attitudes toward exposure significantly improved from pre-training to post-consultation ( t(193) = 9.9, p   .05) but did predict more positive attitudes at post-consultation (ß = −2.46; p   .05). Higher frequency of self-reported CBT use was associated with more positive attitudes at pre-training (ß = −0.81; p   .05) or with changes in attitudes (all p &gt; .05).Conclusions   Clinician perceptions of implementation climate predicted greater improvement of attitudes toward exposure following EBT training and consultation. Findings suggest that organizational determinants outside of training impact changes in clinicians’ attitudes. Training in four EBTs, only two of which include exposure as a component, resulted in positive changes in clinicians’ attitudes toward exposure, which suggests non-specialty trainings can be effective at changing attitudes, which may enable scale-up.

implementation research and practice

The impact of implementation climate on community mental health clinicians’ attitudes toward exposure: An evaluation of the effects of training and consultation