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While the patient–provider relationship is one factor that can improve access to primary care for underserved populations, vulnerable patients often experience challenges to have a good relationship with providers. The purpose of this study is to examine factors that affect patient–provider relationship among vulnerable patients; in particular, among uninsured primary care patients. This study focused on health literacy, continuity of care, and self-rated health as predictors of patient–provider relationship. A self-administered survey was collected from uninsured primary care patients utilizing a free clinic in the metropolitan area in the Rocky Mountain Region in the United States from May to July in 2018. Higher levels of health literacy and continuity of care are associated with a better patient–provider relationship. Better self-rated health is associated with better patient–provider relationship. Health literacy may improve by the communication and connection with a specific provider because patients better understand the care and/or medications that are being prescribed. Seeing the same provider helps patients develop a better relationship and make clinical decisions in a way that they prefer. Improving the patient–provider relationship can potentially change health outcomes positively for vulnerable patients. Informing patients that they can request a specific medical provider may allow them to increase continuity of care, and improve communication, partnering, connection, and patient centeredness, leading to an increase in health literacy and better self-rated health.

Patient–Provider Relationships Among Vulnerable Patients: The Association With Health Literacy, Continuity of Care, and Self-Rated Health