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The ability of fresh lemon ( Citrus limon) to convert protopanaxadiol-type saponins into ginsenoside Rg3 was investigated, and the structures of 20( S)-ginsenoside Rg3 (1) and 20( R)-ginsenoside Rg3 (2) were identified by  1 H NMR and  13 C NMR spectroscopy. The experiment showed that lemon possesses the strong ability to hydrolyze ginsenosides. When protopanaxadiol-type saponins (16 mg/mL) were hydrolyzed by fresh lemon juice at 80°C for 3 hrs, the conversion ratios of ginsenoside Rb1, Rb2, Rc and Rd were 92.9%, 90.0%, 96.9% and 55.5%, respectively, and the yields of 20( S)-ginsenoside Rg3 and 20( R)-ginsenoside Rg3 were, respectively, 31.2% and 28.3%.

Conversion of Protopanaxadiol Type Saponins to Ginsenoside Rg3 by Lemon