English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Global: Zendy Free Plan

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

Two regimens of insulin therapy are used to achieve the goal of near normoglycemia: multiple daily injections (MDI) and continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII). 1 Due to the apparent improvement in quality of life and metabolic control and the greater personal independence (compared with MDI), CSII is becoming an increasingly popular method of insulin delivery for people with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). 1–3 However, one of the major problems related to the use of CSII, or intensive insulin regimens in general, is the accurate calculation of insulin boluses. These calculations should take into account multiple factors, such as current and target blood glucose levels, carbohydrate intake, insulin-to-carbohydrate ratio (ICR), and insulin sensitivity. 3 Using the ICR to calculate meal bolus and insulin sensitivity factor (ISF) to correct hyperglycemia are accepted methods of optimization of metabolic control. 3–5 These rules are also used to program the bolus calculator (BC), which is an insulin pump function. 3–6 The BC uses preprogrammed settings to generate a recommendation of bolus dose.3 There is an agreement that these settings should be individualized for each person; however, some general rules as starting points do exist.4–6 The aim of this analysis was to evaluate BC settings used by CSII-treated T1DM patients, exclusively with good metabolic control [glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) < 7.0%].  Thirty-nine patients (26 females and 13 males) with T1DM treated with CSII and using a BC (more than 50% of total daily boluses delivered via this function) were included in this analysis. The data regarding body mass index (BMI), HbA1c level, diabetes duration, insulin dose, blood glucose parameters, and other clinical data from the past 3 years were collected from all the patients. Insulin pump memory data were downloaded via the Carelink software. Statistical analysis was performed with the use of statistical package Statistica10.0 PL. The Pearson or Spearman correlation was applied when appropriate. The mean age of the patients was 35 years, diabetes duration was slightly over 17 years, and mean HbA1c level was 6.38%. The clinical characteristics of the patients is summarized in Table 1. Mean ICR was 1.58 IU/10 g carbohydrates, and mean ISF was 36.8 mg/dl/IU of insulin. The ICR correlated positively (r = 0.39, p =.013; r = 0.35, p =.032) and the ISF negatively (r = -0.57, p < .000; r = -0.41, p =.010), with total daily insulin dose and daily insulin dose per kilogram of body weight. Additionally, ISF correlated negatively with BMI (r = -0.34, p = .034). No significant correlation was found between ICR or ISF and any of the following parameters: HbA1c, mean glycemia, diabetes duration, percentage of basal insulin, number of measurements per day, and age. The results of our study indicate that the rule for counting ICR (per 10 g of carbohydrate) in well-controlled T1DM patients should be approximately 290 and, for ISF, 1670.    Table 1  Clinical Characteristics of Study Participants    In conclusion, we have shown that the ISF rule in Polish patients with good metabolic control is similar to rules used by other centers; however, the ICR rule should be much more stringent. We have also shown that the ISF rule should be considered with respect to patients’ BMI.

Bolus Calculator Settings in Well-Controlled Type 1 Diabetes Patients (Glycated Hemoglobin <7%) Treated with Insulin Pumps