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Immune checkpoint inhibition has been approved for front-line treatment of metastatic bladder cancer in patients who are cisplatin-ineligible and demonstrate programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) positivity. This approval followed the positive results of IMvigor210 and KEYNOTE-052 studies. Immunotherapy has also demonstrated efficacy as maintenance therapy patients for patients who initially respond to platinum-based chemotherapy. Other studies have investigated combinations of immunotherapy with chemotherapy, combinations between immunotherapies, and immunotherapy with novel agents. Although these combinations have demonstrated promise, further investigation is necessary to optimize the patients who would benefit from these approaches. Biomarkers beyond PD-L1 scoring can help predict response and resistance to immune checkpoint inhibition and will be integral to future studies.

Outlook into the future of front-line immune checkpoint inhibition in metastatic urothelial carcinoma