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Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a form of nonionizing radiation and behaves in accordance with the laws and principles of geometric optics. Electromagnetic radiation can be described as a “wave” that consists of an electric field and a magnetic field. Electromagnetic radiation is usually characterized by wavelength and frequency or photon energy. The term wavelength refers to a distance in a line of advance of a wave from any point to a like point on the next wave; it corresponds to the distance traveled by the wave during one cycle. A wavelength is usually measured in angstroms or nanometers (nm). The International Commission on Illumination (CIE) has divided the UV spectrum into three wavelength bands, primarily due to biological effects. The 315-400 nm wavelength band is designated as UV-A. 280-315 nm is designated as UV-B, and 100-280 nm as UV-C. Wavelengths below 180 nm are of little practical biological significance since the atmosphere readily absorbs them. Sources of UV-A are used for dentistry and tanning, UVB is used for fade testing and photocuring of plastics, and UV-C (100-280 nm) is used for germicidal purposes. All wavelengths less than 320 nm are actinic, meaning they are capable of causing chemical reactions. The mechanism of the germicidal effect involves these chemical reactions and so effectiveness varies by composition of the target organism in addition to physical variables.

Position Paper on the Use of Ultraviolet Lights in Biological Safety Cabinets