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The aim of our study is to determine whether insulin-producing cells (IPCs) differentiated from adipose-tissue-derived stem cells (ADSCs) can be cryopreserved. Human ADSCs were differentiated into IPCs using our two-step protocol encompassing a three-dimensional culture and xenoantigen-free method. Thereafter, IPCs were frozen using three different methods. First, IPCs were immediately frozen at −80°C (−80°C group). Second, IPCs were initially placed into a Bicell freezing container before freezing at −80°C (BICELL group). Third, a vitrification method for oocytes and embryos was used (CRYOTOP group). Cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay showed that cell viability was decreased in all groups after cryopreservation ( P &lt; 0.01). Corroboratively, the amount of adenosine triphosphate was markedly decreased after cryopreservation in all groups ( P &lt; 0.01). Immunofluorescence staining showed a reduced positive staining area for insulin in all cryopreservation groups. Furthermore, 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole and merged immunofluorescence images showed that cryopreserved cells appeared to be randomly reduced in the −80°C group and CRYOTOP group, while only the central region was visibly reduced in the BICELL group. Using immunohistochemical staining, IPCs after cryopreservation were shown to be positive for cleaved caspase-3 antibody in all groups. Finally, insulin secretion following glucose stimulation was significantly reduced in IPCs from all groups after cryopreservation ( P &lt; 0.01). In conclusion, IPCs may be too fragile for cryopreservation with accomplished methods and further investigations for a suitable preservation method are required.

The Fragility of Cryopreserved Insulin-producing Cells Differentiated from Adipose-tissue-derived Stem Cells