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Purpose To evaluate the clinical utility of diffusion kurtosis tensor imaging in the characterization of cerebral glioma and investigate correlations between diffusion and kurtosis metrics with tumor cellularity. Materials and Methods A group of 163 patients (age: 40.5 ± 11.5 years) diagnosed with cerebral glioma underwent diffusion kurtosis tensor imaging with a 3 T scanner. Diffusion and kurtosis metrics were measured in the solid part of tumors, and their abilities to distinguish between tumor grades was evaluated. In addition, we analyzed correlations between the metrics and tumor cellularity. Results Mean kurtosis (MK) revealed a significant difference between each pair of tumor grades ( P &lt; 0.05) and produced the best performance in a receiver operating characteristics analysis (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.89, sensitivity/specificity = 83.3/90). In contrast, mean diffusivity (MD) revealed a significant difference only for tumor grade II versus IV ( P &lt; 0.05). No significant differences between grades were detected with fractional anisotropy (FA; P &gt; 0.05). Thus, kurtosis metrics exhibited a positive and strong correlation with tumor cellularity, while MD exhibited a negative or weak correlation with tumor cellularity. Conclusion Diffusion kurtosis metrics, particularly MK, demonstrated superior performance in distinguishing cerebral glioma of different grades compared with conventional diffusion metrics, and were closely associated with tumor cellularity.

Evaluation of cerebral glioma using 3T diffusion kurtosis tensor imaging and the relationship between diffusion kurtosis metrics and tumor cellularity