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The properties of gain scores are linearly determinedby the properties of their components. Thus,the reliability of a gain is uniquely determined by thereliabilities of the components, the correlation betweenthem, and their standard deviations. Reliabilityis not inherently low, but the components of gainsused in many investigations make low reliabilitylikely. Correlations of the difference between twomeasures and a third variate are also determineduniquely by three correlations and two standard deviations.Raw score standard deviations frequentlytell more about the measurement metric and how it isused than about the psychological processes underlyingthe measurements. Correlations involving gains/differences cannot be understood adequately unlessthe essential sample statistics of the components areknown and reported. Index terms: change scores,classical test theory, difference scores, gain scores,intraindividual differences, measurement of growth,reliability, test theory, validity

Linear Dependence of Gain Scores on Their Components Imposes Constraints on Use and Interpretation: Comment on "Are Simple Gain Scores Obsolete?"