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Every hour of every day, almost 500 new mothers across the United States1 face the same decision: how to feed their newborns. A fundamental aspect of the protection and promotion of health is to ensure individuals are able to make informed decisions in supportive environ­ ments. We have an ethical responsibility to ensure that mothers are fully aware of the health consequences of their infant feeding decisions. Breast milk is the best source of infant nutrition. When a mother chooses to breastfeed, we also have a responsibility to protect and support her decision by providing an environment that enables her to be successful. June 2009 marks the 25th anniversary of the Surgeon General’s Workshop on Breastfeeding and Human Lactation, held in Rochester, New York, in 1984.2 The workshop represented a milestone in efforts to improve maternal and child health, and highlighted breastfeed­ ing as a public health priority. Representatives from major professional and voluntary organizations met to assess the state of breastfeeding and to develop strate­ gies to achieve the 1990 Health Promotion/Disease Prevention breastfeeding objectives.3 The benefits of breastfeeding are well-recognized. In 2007, the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) published a summary of systematic reviews and meta-analyses on breastfeeding and maternal and infant health outcomes in developed countries. The benefits of breastfeeding were reaffirmed, including protection against otitis media, gastroenteritis, severe lower respiratory infections, and necrotizing entero­ colitis. In addition, the AHRQ report concluded that breastfeeding is associated with lower rates of sudden infant death syndrome, childhood obesity, type 2 dia­ betes, and leukemia. The maternal health benefits of breastfeeding were also identified, including reduced risk for type 2 diabetes, as well as breast and ovarian cancers.4 In light of the important maternal and child health benefits of breastfeeding, health professional organiza­ tions, including the American Academy of Pediatrics,5 American Academy of Family Physicians,6 American RADM Steven K. Galson, Acting Surgeon General

The 25th Anniversary of the Surgeon General's Workshop on Breastfeeding and Human Lactation: The Status of Breastfeeding Today