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The cystatin superfamily of cysteine protease inhibitors and target cysteine proteases such as cathepsin B have been implicated in malignant progression. The respective cellular/extracellular localization of cystatins and cysteine proteases in tumors may be critical in regulating activity of the enzymes. Confocal microscopy has enabled us to demonstrate the differential localization of cystatins and cathepsin B in an embryonic liver cell line and an invasive hepatoma cell line. In both, stefins A and B were distributed diffusely throughout the cytoplasm, whereas cystatin C was distributed in juxtanuclear vesicles. Stefin A and cystatin C, but not stefin B, were present on the cell surface. Cystatin C was found on the top surfaces of both cell lines, whereas stefin A was found only on the top surface of the embryonic liver cells. Cathepsin B staining was concentrated in perinuclear vesicles in the embryonic liver cells. In the hepatoma cells, staining for cathepsin B was also present in vesicles adjacent to the cell membrane and on localized regions of the bottom surface. Such a disparate distribution of cathepsin B and its endogenous inhibitors may facilitate proteolysis by the hepatoma cells and thereby contribute to their invasive phenotype.

Differential Localization of Cysteine Protease Inhibitors and a Target Cysteine Protease, Cathepsin B, by Immuno-Confocal Microscopy