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Although the massive crack-cocaine epidemic ofthe late 1980s and early 90shas subsided, its effects persist in the large numbers of children, estimated in thehundreds of thousands (U,S, Department of Health Services 1993), vi'ho werebom with prenatal exposure and are now at preschool or school age. Recent (U.S.Department of Health Services 1996) survey data indicate that, although theepidemic has subsided, it has not vanished. The percentages of women ofchildbearing age indicating cocaine use in urban areas for the previous year were4,3 percent and 2,8 percent for white and black women, respectively, from 25 to29 years of age, and 1,8 percent and 4,9 percent, respectively, for white and blackwomen ages 30 to 44, Determination ofthe extent and nature ofthe sequelae offetal cocaine exposure is the focus of the large scale, longitudinal studiespresented in this special section ofthe Journal of Drug Issues. Their importancelies not only in what these studies will tell us about the outcomes of the firstgenerations of affected children, but also in how their fmdings will help shapefuture research, public policy, prevention, and intervention efforts. Moreover,fmdings from the reports highlighted in this special section are useful ininforming the design of studies ofother drugs, such as heroin and methamphet-amine, which may supplant cocaine as drug trends fluctuate.Both Richardson's and Carmichael Olson's studies illustrate the necessity ofcontrolling, either by design or statistical analysis, for the large number ofconfounding variables which plague longitudinal developmental studies (SeeSinger 1998), Their studies and many others have by now established the clustersof risk factors linked to matemal cocaine use. These risks include older matemalage, single marital status, poverty, lower educational level, greater exposure toviolence, larger numbers of siblings, higher matemal psychological distress,infant placement out of home, prematurity, and low birthweight. Given this

Advances and Redirections in Understanding Effects of Fetal Drug Exposure