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We present a coupled retrospective forecast (hindcast) study using the Met Office Global Coupled Model version 2 (GC2) in which we identify and mitigate causes of initialization shock that lead to rapid error growth in sea ice forecasts. Sea ice state variables and volume budget terms as a function of forecast lead time are evaluated relative to analyses from an uncoupled Met Office ocean-sea ice analysis system (FOAMv13). Two sources of initialization shock are highlighted and addressed, both of which are related to effective differences in physics between the analysis system and coupled forecast model. The primary shock to sea ice state variables arises from the use of a salinity-independent freezing temperature for sea water in GC2 as opposed to a salinity-dependent formulation in FOAMv13. A secondary effect arises from differences in the sea ice roughness and hence air-ice drag in the GC2 forecast model compared to the FOAMv13 analysis system. Generalizing from the findings of this study, we suggest that using non-native analyses as initial conditions for coupled Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) studies will likely make them prone to initialization shock in some model components, to the detriment of forecast skill. To reduce the undesirable impacts of initialization shock on short-range forecast skill noted in this study we would therefore recommend the use of initial conditions (analyses) physically consistent with the native model components of the coupled forecast model, a native coupled analysis likely being the optimal initialization method.

Causes and consequences of sea ice initialization shock in coupled NWP hindcasts with the GC2 climate model