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The water vapor data measured with airborne and ground-based lidar systems during the International\udH2O Project (IHOP_2002), which took place in the Southern Great Plains during 13 May–25 June 2002\udwere investigated. So far, the data collected during IHOP_2002 provide the largest set of state-of-the-art\udwater vapor lidar data measured in a field campaign. In this first of two companion papers, intercomparisons\udbetween the scanning Raman lidar (SRL) of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)\udGoddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) and two airborne systems are discussed. There are 9 intercomparisons\udpossible between SRL and the differential absorption lidar (DIAL) of Deutsches Zentrum für Luftund\udRaumfahrt (DLR), while there are 10 intercomparisons between SRL and the Lidar Atmospheric\udSensing Experiment (LASE) of the NASA Langley Research Center. Mean biases of (0.30  0.25) g kg1\udor 4.3%  3.2% for SRL compared to DLR DIAL (DLR DIAL drier) and (0.16  0.31) g kg1 or 5.3%\ud 5.1% for SRL compared to LASE (LASE wetter) in the height range of 1.3–3.8 km above sea level\ud(450–2950 m above ground level at the SRL site) were found. Putting equal weight on the data reliability\udof the three instruments, these results yield relative bias values of 4.6%, 0.4%, and 5.0% for DLR\udDIAL, SRL, and LASE, respectively. Furthermore, measurements of the Snow White (SW) chilled-mirror\udhygrometer radiosonde were compared with lidar data. For the four comparisons possible between SW\udradiosondes and SRL, an overall bias of (0.27  0.30) g kg1 or 3.2%  4.5% of SW compared to SRL\ud(SW drier) again for 1.3–3.8 km above sea level was found. Because it is a challenging effort to reach an\udaccuracy of humidity measurements down to the 5% level, the overall results are very satisfactory and\udconfirm the high and stable performance of the instruments and the low noise errors of each profile

journal of atmospheric and oceanic technology

Intercomparison of Water Vapor Data Measured with Lidar during IHOP_2002. Part I: Airborne to Ground-Based Lidar Systems and Comparisons with Chilled-Mirror Hygrometer Radiosondes