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The sensitivity of numerical weather prediction (NWP) analysis and forecast accuracies with respect to frequency shifts in microwave passbands is quantified through a series of observing system experiments using the ECMWF Integrated Forecast System. First, a parameterization is developed to describe the form and magnitude of the brightness temperature errors arising from frequency shifts in Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit-A (AMSU-A) channels 4–10 and Microwave Humidity Sounder (MHS) channels 3–5. Observing system experiments are then run in which realistic synthetic brightness temperature errors are added to AMSU-A observations for various assumptions about the magnitude of a frequency shift, using the parameterization derived previously. A large negative impact on forecast quality is found when a 20-MHz frequency shift is introduced in experiments using a static bias-correction scheme. Although the degradation in forecast scores is reduced by using a variational bias-correction scheme, it remain...

The Influence of Frequency Shifts in Microwave Sounder Channels on NWP Analyses and Forecasts