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The CO2 gas transfer velocity (KCO2) at air-water interface in a wind-waveflume was estimated at the circumstance of wave breaking. Three types ofdynamic processes in the flume were created: monochromatic waves generated bywavemaker, mechanically-generated monochromatic waves with superimposed windforcing, pure wind waves with 10-meter wind speed ranging from 4.5 m/s to 15.5m/s. Without wind forcing, KCO2 correlated with the wave breaking probability,wave height of breakers and energy loss due to wave breaking. With superimposedwind, wind speed was found to influence KCO2 both in the coupledwind/mechanical wave experiments and in pure wind waves, but wave breakingstill played a significant role in CO2 gas exchange. Therefore, wave propertiesshould be considered directly in parameterization of KCO2. A non-dimensionalempirical formula was established in which KCO2 is expressed as a function ofwave breaking probability, a modified Reynolds number and an enhancement factorto account for wind speed.

Laboratory experiments on CO2 gas exchange with wave breaking