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In this paper, two new quasi-neutral density variables—generalized patched potential density (GPPD) and thermodynamic neutral density γT—are introduced, which are showed to approximate Jackett and McDougall empirical neutral density γn significantly better than the quasi-material rational polynomial approximation γa previously introduced by McDougall and Jackett. In contrast to γn, γT is easily and efficiently computed for arbitrary climatologies of temperature and salinity (both realistic and idealized), has a clear physical basis rooted in the theory of available potential energy, and does not suffer from nonmaterial effects that make γn so difficult to use in water masses analysis. In addition, γT is also significantly more neutral than all known quasi-material density variables, such as σ2, while remaining less neutral than γn. Because unlike γn, γT is mathematically explicit, it can be used for theoretical as well as observational studies, as well as a generalized vertical coordinate in isopy...

journal of physical oceanography

Generalized Patched Potential Density and Thermodynamic Neutral Density: Two New Physically Based Quasi-Neutral Density Variables for Ocean Water Masses Analyses and Circulation Studies