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Interaction between the wind-driven shear current and the Stokes drift velocity induced by surface gravity waves gives rise to Langmuir turbulence in the upper ocean. Langmuir turbulence consists of Langmuir circulation (LC) characterized by a wide range of scales. In unstratified shallow water, the largest scales of Langmuir turbulence engulf the entire water column and thus are referred to as full-depth LC. Large-eddy simulations (LESs) of Langmuir turbulence with full-depth LC in a wind-driven shear current have revealed that vertical mixing due to LC erodes the bottom log-law velocity profile, inducing a profile resembling a wake law. Furthermore, in the interior of the water column, two sources of Reynolds shear stress, turbulent (nonlocal) transport and local Stokes drift shear production, can combine to lead to negative mean velocity shear. Meanwhile, near the surface, Stokes drift shear serves to intensify small-scale eddies leading to enhanced vertical mixing and disruption of the surface...

Toward a K-Profile Parameterization of Langmuir Turbulence in Shallow Coastal Shelves