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This study is motivated by Arctic Ocean observations of sub–mixed layer eddies found at large distances from their assumed formation region of a surface ocean front. Eddy formation is explored through high-resolution numerical simulations of surface fronts, separating two mixed layers, with a range of configurations similar to those observed in the Arctic Ocean. This study finds that frontal instabilities lead to the development of self-propagating dipoles, which have the potential to propagate far from the front if interactions with other eddies are avoided. However, most dipoles are unbalanced, consisting of a dominating surface cyclone and a weaker anticyclone below, and thus propagate on curved trajectories with eventual recirculation back to the front. Their maximum separation distance from the front depends on the ratio of self-advecting velocities ϵ; balanced dipoles that have ϵ ≈ 1, and the ability to propagate far from the front. For dipoles generated numerically, this study estimates ϵ u...

Generation and Separation of Mesoscale Eddies from Surface Ocean Fronts