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This study reconstructed historical monthly rainfall data at 24 observation stations in Sumatera, Indonesia, for 22 years (1879–1900) during the Dutch colonial era. The literature research was conducted in libraries in Indonesia and the Netherlands to collect meteorological data recorded in a series of  “Regenwaarnemingen in Nederlandsch-Indie” , which have never been reconstructed or analyzed previously. The results showed that the six western coast stations (97–103°E, 3°N–4°S) have abundant rainfall exceeding 3000 mm year −1 , while the 10 eastern coast stations and three stations east of the Barisan ridge obtained rainfall below 3050 mm year −1 . Abundant coastal rainfall appeared only along the western coast, but not in the eastern coast and east of the Barisan ridge. The El Niño events of 1888–89 had low impact on rainfall amounts during the dry season (May–October) at the six stations of the southern hemispheric climate type. A significant decrease in annual dry season precipitation was observed in 1881, 1885, and 1896. When comparing monthly data for 1931–60 and 1971–2014 at the northernmost station Banda Aceh (5.5°N, 95.3°E) and the eastern coast station Bengkalis (1.5°N, 102.1°E), a noticeable decrease and increase occurred in June–December and January–May, respectively, throughout the last century. The recent El Niño events have resulted in a decline in rainfall and dry conditions in Sumatera, but the Indian Ocean Dipole had much influence on the amount of rainfall in the late 19th century.

Reconstruction of Rainfall Records at 24 Observation Stations in Sumatera, Colonial Indonesia, from 1879 to 1900