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The effects of clouds and sea ice on the solar radiation budget are determined for the Southern Ocean around Antarctica between latitudes 50° and 80°S. Distributions of cloud optical depth are used, together with distributions of surface albedo, to estimate the geographical and seasonal variations of shortwave irradiance and cloud radiative forcing at the surface, both for the present climate and for altered surface and cloud conditions. Poleward of 68°S in spring, ice causes a greater reduction of solar energy input to the surface than does cloud. However, in summer the clouds are more important than ice at all latitudes in the Southern Ocean. In the present climate the clouds are optically thicker over open water than over sea ice, suggesting a possible negative feedback if the sea ice area shrinks with climatic warming. Compared to the present climate in spring, removing sea ice results in an increase in irradiance reaching the ocean surface, regardless of the type of cloud remaining. However,...

The Relative Importance of Clouds and Sea Ice for the Solar Energy Budget of the Southern Ocean