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Better understanding of how moisture, clouds, and precipitation covary under climate warming lacks a comprehensive observational view. This paper analyzes the tropical atmospheric water cycle’s evolution with sea surface temperature (SST), using for the first time, the synergistic dataset of instantaneous observations of the relative humidity profile from the  Megha-Tropiques  satellite, clouds from the  CALIPSO  satellite, and near-surface precipitation from the  CloudSat  satellite, and quantifies their rates of change with SST warming. The dataset is partitioned into three vertical velocity regimes, with cloudy grid boxes categorized by phase (ice or liquid), opacity (opaque or thin), and the presence of near-surface precipitation. Opaque cloud cover is always larger in the presence of near-surface precipitation (high ice clouds especially). Low liquid water clouds in the descending regime dominate for SSTs  301.75 K), in the ascending regime, opaque high ice cloud cover decreases with SST (−13% K −1 ), while thin ice cloud cover increases (+6% K −1 ). Over the warm SST range, total cloudiness decreases with warming in all regimes. This paper characterizes fundamental relationships between aspects of the tropical atmospheric water cycle and SST.

Observed Evolution of the Tropical Atmospheric Water Cycle with Sea Surface Temperature