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udden Stratospheric Warming (SSW) events influence the Arctic Oscillation and mid-latitude extreme weather. Previous work showed the Arctic stratosphere to be influenced by the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) and that the SSW frequency increases with an increase of the MJO amplitude, expected in a warmer climate. It is shown here that the zonal asymmetry in both the background state and forcing plays a dominant role, leading to either enhancement or suppression of SSW events by MJO-like forcing. When applying a circumglobal MJO-like forcing in a dry dynamic core model, the MJOforced waves can change the general circulation in three ways that affect the total vertical Eliassen-Palm flux in the Arctic stratosphere. First, weakening the zonal asymmetry of the tropospheric mid-latitude jet, and therefore preventing the MJO-forced waves from propagating past the jet. Second, weakening the jet amplitude, reducing the waves generated in the mid-latitudes, especially stationary waves, and therefore the u...

The Role of Zonal Asymmetry in the Enhancement and Suppression of Sudden Stratospheric Warming Variability by the Madden–Julian Oscillation