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Decadal climate variability of sea surface temperature (SST) over the Pacific Ocean can be characterized by Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO) or Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) based on Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) analysis. Although the procedures to derive the IPO and PDO indices differ in their regional focuses and filtering methods to remove interannual variability, IPO and PDO are highly correlated in time and are often used interchangeably. Studies have shown that the IPO/PDO play a vital role in modulating the pace of global warming. It is less clear, however, how externally-forced global warming may, in turn, affect IPO/PDO. One obstacle to revealing this effect is that the conventional definitions of IPO/PDO fail to account for the spatial heterogeneity of background warming trend, which causes IPO/PDO to be conflated with the warming trend, especially for the 21st-century simulation when the forced change is likely to be more dominant. Using a large-ensemble simulation in C...

journal of climate

How Would the Twenty-First-Century Warming Influence Pacific Decadal Variability and Its Connection to North American Rainfall: Assessment Based on a Revised Procedure for the IPO/PDO