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The monthly global 28 3 28 Extended Reconstructed Sea Surface Temperature (ERSST) has been revised\udand updated from version 4 to version 5. This update incorporates a new release of ICOADS release 3.0\ud(R3.0), a decade of near-surface data from Argo floats, and a new estimate of centennial sea ice from\udHadISST2. A number of choices in aspects of quality control, bias adjustment, and interpolation have been\udsubstantively revised. The resulting ERSST estimates have more realistic spatiotemporal variations, better\udrepresentation of high-latitude SSTs, and ship SST biases are now calculated relative to more accurate buoy\udmeasurements, while the global long-term trend remains about the same. Progressive experiments have been\udundertaken to highlight the effects of each change in data source and analysis technique upon the final\udproduct. The reconstructed SST is systematically decreased by 0.0778C, as the reference data source is\udswitched from ship SST in ERSSTv4 to modern buoy SST in ERSSTv5. Furthermore, high-latitude SSTs are\uddecreased by 0.18–0.28C by using sea ice concentration from HadISST2 over HadISST1. Changes arising from\udremaining innovations are mostly important at small space and time scales, primarily having an impact where\udand when input observations are sparse. Cross validations and verifications with independent modern observations\udshow that the updates incorporated in ERSSTv5 have improved the representation of spatial\udvariability over the global oceans, the magnitude of El Niño and La Niña events, and the decadal nature of\udSST changes over 1930s–40s when observation instruments changed rapidly. Both long- (1900–2015) and\udshort-term (2000–15) SST trends in ERSSTv5 remain significant as in ERSSTv4

Extended Reconstructed Sea Surface Temperature, Version 5 (ERSSTv5): Upgrades, Validations, and Intercomparisons