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Previous studies have shown that the Indo-Pacific atmospheric response to ENSO comprises two dominant modes of variability: a meridionally quasi-symmetric response (independent of the annual cycle) and an antisymmetric response (arising from the nonlinear atmospheric interaction between ENSO variability and the annual cycle), referred to as the combination mode (C-mode). This study demonstrates that the direct El Nino signal over the tropics is confined to the equatorial region and has no significant impact on the atmospheric response over East Asia. The El Nino–associated equatorial anomalies can be expanded toward off-equatorial regions by the C-mode through ENSO’s interaction with the annual cycle. The C-mode is the prime driver for the development of an anomalous low-level anticyclone over the western North Pacific (WNP) during the El Nino decay phase, which usually transports more moisture to East Asia and thereby causes more precipitation over southern China. An atmospheric general circulati...

A New Understanding of El Niño’s Impact over East Asia: Dominance of the ENSO Combination Mode