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Near-surface wind speed trends recorded at 67 land-based stations across Spain and Portugal for 1961-2011, also focusing on the 1979-2008 subperiod, were analyzed. Wind speed series were subjected to quality control, reconstruction, and homogenization using a novel procedure that incorporated the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University-National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model (MM5)-simulated series as reference. The resultant series show a slight downward trend for both 1961-2011 (-0.016ms-1 decade-1) and 1979-2008 (-0.010ms-1 decade-1). However, differences between seasons with declining values in winter and spring, and increasing trends in summer and autumn, were observed. Even though wind stilling affected 77.8% of the stations in winter and 66.7% in spring, only roughly 40% of the declining trends were statistically significant at the p < 0.10 level. On the contrary, increasing trends appeared in 51.9% of the stations in summer and 57.4% in autumn, with also around 40% of the positive trends statistically significant at the p < 0.10 level. In this article, the authors also investigated (i) the possible impact of three atmospheric indices on the observed trends and (ii) the role played by the urbanization growth in the observed decline. An accurate homogenization and assessment of the long-term trends of wind speed is crucial for many fields such as wind energy (e.g., power generation) and agriculture-hydrology (e.g., evaporative demand). © 2014 American Meteorological Society.The authors wish to acknowledge the editor and three anonymous reviewers for their detailed and helpful comments to the original manuscript. This research was supported by (i) the JAE-DOC043 (CSIC; European Social Fund, FSE) and the JCI-2011-10263 Grants; (ii) A. S.-L. received a postdoctoral fellowship from the Secretaria per a Universitats i Recerca del Departament d’Economia i Coneixement, de la Generalitat de Catalunya i del programa Cofund de les Accions Marie Curie del 7è Programa marc d’R+D de la Unió Europea (2011 BP-B 00078); (iii) Projects CGL2011-27574-C02-02, CGL2011-27536/HID, CGL2011-29263-C02-01, and PSE.120000.2007.14, financed by the Spanish Commission of Science and Technology and FEDER; ACQWA (FP7-ENV- 2008-1-212250), financed by the European Comission; Efecto de los escenarios de cambio climático sobre la hidrología superficial y la gestión de embalses del Pirineo Aragonés, financed by Obra Social La Caixa; CTTP1/12 Creación de un modelo de alta resolución espacial para cuantificar la esquiabilidad y la afluencia turística en el Pirineo bajo distintos escenarios de cambio climático, financed by the Comunidad de Trabajo de los Pirineos; ENAC (PTDC/AAC-CLI/103567/2008), financed by the Portuguese Science Foundation; and (iv) the Climatology Group (2009 SGR 443, Catalan Government). The authors thank the AEMET and the IPMA institutions for the observed wind data and particularly José-Antonio Guijarro (AEMET-Baleares) and Juan-José Vizcaíno (AEMET-Valencia) for their useful comments and information. We thank Ptr Stepanek for providing the AnClim software and the MAR research group of the University of Murcia for providing the MM5-simulated wind speed series, particularly the assistance of Raquel Lorente-Plazas and Juan Pedro Montávez.Peer Reviewe

Homogenization and Assessment of Observed Near-Surface Wind Speed Trends over Spain and Portugal, 1961–2011*