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Atmospheric circulation patterns that are conducive to extreme ocean heat loss are investigated at four sites\udof special interest in the Mediterranean Sea. The Gulf of Lions, the South Adriatic Sea, the Cretan Sea, and\udthe Levantine Sea are areas where anomalously high winter heat loss may lead to deep- or intermediate-water\udformation. At each of the above sites, the atmospheric circulation during such events is derived by averaging\udthe sea level pressure (SLP) fields during the lower decile of the wintertime series of the net heat exchange.A\udrelatively simple SLP pattern dominated by an anticyclone over northwestern Europe with a weaker cyclone\udto the southeast is found to be associated with strong heat loss in the selected sites with minor variations in\udpattern structure depending on the site. The SLP composite pattern reflects the combined effect of different\udatmospheric modes of variability and the authors consider the impacts on heat loss of a number of these\udmodes (North Atlantic Oscillation, east Atlantic pattern, east Atlantic–west Russia pattern, and Scandinavian\udpattern), together with the North Sea–Caspian pattern and the Mediterranean index. The extremes in heat\udloss are strongly connected with the intensity and the positions of the poles of these patterns that modulate,\udthrough the necessary SLP gradient and associated northerlies, the transfer of cold and dry air over the areas\udof dense-water formation. Analysis of air–sea temperature difference, specific humidity, and evaporation\udanomalies indicates that the extremes of the net heat fluxes are primarily due to the latent and sensible heat\udflux componentsThis study was funded by the\udEuropean Community’s Seventh Framework Programme\ud(FP7/2007-2013) under Grant 287600 with the Policyoriented\udmarine Environmental Research for the Southern\udEuropean Seas (PERSEUS) project.MichelDe´que´ is\udacknowledged for running the ARPEGE-Climate model\udin its ARPERA configuration. The HIPOCAS dataset\udhas been provided by Puertos de Estado (Spain).Peer reviewe

Large-Scale Atmospheric Circulation Favoring Deep- and Intermediate-Water Formation in the Mediterranean Sea