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While water lifting plays a recognized role in the global atmospheric powerbudget, estimates for this role in tropical cyclones vary from no effect to amajor reduction in storm intensity. To better assess this impact, here weconsider the work output of an infinitely narrow thermodynamic cycle with twostreamlines connecting the top of the boundary layer in the vicinity of maximumwind (without assuming gradient-wind balance) to an arbitrary level in theinviscid free troposphere. The reduction of a storm's maximum wind speed due towater lifting is found to decline with increasing efficiency of the cycle andis about 5% for maximum observed Carnot efficiencies. In the steady-statecycle, there is an extra heat input associated with the warming ofprecipitating water. The corresponding positive extra work is of an oppositesign and several times smaller than that due to water lifting. We also estimatethe gain of kinetic energy in the outflow region. Contrary to previousassessments, this term is found to be large when the outflow radius is small(comparable to the radius of maximum wind). Using our framework, we show thatEmanuel's maximum potential intensity (E-PI) corresponds to a cycle where totalwork equals work performed at the top of the boundary layer (net work in thefree troposphere is zero). This constrains a dependence between the outflowtemperature and heat input at the point of maximum wind, but does not constrainthe radial pressure gradient. We outline the implications of the establishedpatterns for assessing real storms.

Water lifting and outflow gain of kinetic energy in tropical cyclones