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The seasonality of the Madden-Julian oscillation (MJO) is documented in observational data, and a nonlinear shallow-water model is used to help interpret some of the contrasts in MJO structure between the boreal winter season November-March (NDJFM)] and the Asian summer monsoon period June-September (JJAS)]. At upper-tropospheric levels, the flanking Rossby waves remain centered around 28 degrees N/S year-round, but they tend to be stronger in the winter hemisphere, where the climatological-mean jet stream is stronger, rendering the subtropical circulation more sensitive to forcing by a near-equatorial heat source. Amplitudes of the MJO-related deep convection and lower-tropospheric zonal wind are stronger in the summer hemisphere, where the column-integrated water vapor is larger. During NDJFM, the equatorial asymmetry is subtle: as in the annual mean, moisture convergence into swallowtail-shaped regions of enhanced deep convection is an integral part of the equatorial Rossby wave signature, and the eastward propagation is due to moistening of the air to the east of the enhanced convection by poleward moisture advection. During the Asian summer monsoon in JJAS, the convection assumes the form of northward-propagating, west-northwest-east-southeast-oriented rainbands embedded within cyclonic shear lines. These features are maintained by frictional convergence of moisture, and their northward propagation is mainly due to the presence of features in the climatological-mean fields: that is, the west-east moisture gradient over India and the Arabian Sea and the southwesterly low-level monsoon flow over the northwest Pacific

Seasonality of the Structure and Propagation Characteristics of the MJO