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Bulk formulations parameterizing turbulent air–sea fluxes remain among the main sources of error in present-day ocean models. The objective of this study is to investigate the possibility of estimating the turbulent bulk exchange coefficients using sequential data assimilation. It is expected that existing ocean assimilation systems can use this method to improve the air–sea fluxes and produce more realistic forecasts of the thermohaline characteristics of the mixed layer. The method involves augmenting the control vector of the assimilation scheme using the model parameters that are to be controlled. The focus of this research is on estimating two bulk coefficients that drive the sensible heat flux, the latent heat flux, and the evaporation flux of a global ocean model, by assimilating temperature and salinity profiles using horizontal and temporal samplings similar to those to be provided by the Argo float system. The results of twin experiments show that the method is able to correctly estimat...

Improved Turbulent Air–Sea Flux Bulk Parameters for Controlling the Response of the Ocean Mixed Layer: A Sequential Data Assimilation Approach