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Dvorak (1975) developed a technique for using visible (VIS) satellite imagery to estimate (and forecast) the intensity of tropical cyclones (TCs). The foundation of the technique is a demonstrated relationship between the intensity of a TC and the characteristics of its satellite cloud signature. Further, the rate of change of the satellite intensity estimate (and characteristics of the TC itself ) can be used to make 24-h intensity forecasts. The cloud characteristics used to estimate TC intensity on VIS satellite imagery include the size and location (with respect to the low-level circulation center) of persistent deep convection, and the width and azimuthal wrap of the peripheral bands of deep convection. When a TC possesses an eye, the estimate of its intensity depends primarily upon the width of the eyewall cloud, the character (e.g., ragged, cloud filled, sharply delineated) and size of the eye, and the width and azimuthal wrap of peripheral convective bands. In a later paper, Dvorak (1984) developed a technique for estimating the intensity of TCs from their appearance on infrared (IR) satellite imagery. (Dvorak’s VIS and IR techniques are now used worldwide, and satellitederived TC intensity estimates are the primary data source of this statistic in most TC basins.) The cloud features that are used to estimate the intensity from IR imagery are physically similar to those used in Dvorak’s VIS techniques; however, when IR imagery is used, the cloud-top temperature (i.e., the IR equivalent blackbody temperature) plays an important role in the intensity diagnosis. For example, when a TC possesses an eye, the intensity estimate is based not only upon the width of the eyewall cloud (the greater the embedded distance

A Tropical Cyclone with an Enormous Central Cold Cover