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In convective clouds jet aircraft encounter icing at air temperatures lower th211 -60' C. It may be reesoned that this results from (1) the melting of frozen droplets duc to dynamic or frictional heating in the quasi-potential flow around the air foil; (2) the impact of precipitation consisting of ice spheres with liquid water cores; (3) the pos- sibility that raindrops are carried upward by vertical currents so rapidly that the water temperature remains higher than the spontaneous nucleation temperature (-40" C.) while the air temperature is much lorn-er; or (4) the possi- bility that the spontaneous nucleation temperature is pressure dependent or otherwise variable. This paper investi- gates the third of these possibilities and finds that the difference in temperature of liquid water and air at 1- 3 km. can be no more than a few degrees except in the case of very large drops carried through deep layers of cloud by intense steady-state updrafts of the kind associated with hail-producing thunderstorms.

LIQUID WATER IN SQUALL LINES AND HURRICANES AT AIR TEMPERATURES LOWER THAN −40° C.1

LIQUID WATER IN SQUALL LINES AND HURRICANES AT AIR TEMPERATURES LOWER THAN −40° C.¹