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Recent general circulation simulations suggest that, prior to the closure of the Panama Isthmus (the narrow strip of land connecting North and South America), low-salinity Pacific Ocean water invaded the Atlantic Ocean via the gap between North and South America. According to this scenario, the invasion decreased the Atlantic Ocean salinity to the point at which North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) formation was impossible and, consequently, there was probably no “conveyer belt.” In line with this scenario, it has been suggested that the closure of the isthmus led to an increased salinity in the Atlantic that, in turn, led to the present-day NADW formation and the familiar meridional overturning cell (MOC). Using simple dynamical principles, analytical modeling, process-oriented numerical experiments, and modern-day wind stress, it is shown that, in the absence of NADW formation, one would expect a westward flow from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean through an open Panama Isthmus. This contradicts t...

Did an Open Panama Isthmus Correspond to an Invasion of Pacific Water into the Atlantic?