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A shallow-convection parameterization suitable for both marine and continental regimes is developed for use in mesoscale models. The scheme is closely associated with boundary layer turbulence processes and can transition to either a deep-convection scheme in conditionally unstable environments or to an explicit (resolved scale) moisture scheme in moist stable environments. The shallow-convection mass-closure assumption uses a hybrid formulation based on boundary layer turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) and convective available potential energy (CAPE), while the convective trigger is primarily a function of boundary layer TKE. Secondary subgrid clouds having nearly neutral buoyancy can form as shallow-convective updrafts detrain mass to their environment. Called neutrally buoyant clouds (NBCs), these can be dissipated through lateral and vertical mixing, light precipitation, ice-crystal settling, and cloud-top entrainment instability (CTEI). The shallow-convection scheme is developed and demonstrated...

A Shallow-Convection Parameterization for Mesoscale Models. Part I: Submodel Description and Preliminary Applications