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A detailed examination of the atmospheric momentum budget over the equatorial Pacific and its relation to oceanic wind stresses is undertaken using the results of a 20-yr (1979–99), forced-SST, AGCM experiment. The results show that free-tropospheric pressure gradients play a significant role in forcing boundary layer flow in the model. In particular, the time-mean and interannual variability of wind stress at the surface is found to be dominated by forcing from the free troposphere. The NCEP reanalyses from 1979–99 are also examined and a similar result is found, although the relative importance of this free-tropospheric forcing is somewhat higher in the model. The seasonal cycle of free-tropospheric forcing in the model is found to be substantially stronger in the model than in the reanalysis, and that has a clearly negative impact on the simulated seasonal cycle of surface wind stresses. In the model, these free-tropospheric pressure gradients are not balanced by turbulent stresses or other di...

Wind Stress Simulations and the Equatorial Momentum Budget in an AGCM