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This paper proposes a mechanism that explains how coupled dynamics alone can spontaneously give rise to a realistic west–east asymmetric mean state and an ENSO-like interannual variability without requiring the existence of an external preexisting west–east asymmetry in circulation. The essence of the newly proposed mechanism is that the basinwide ocean–atmosphere coupling acts to reduce the effective restoring force. As a result, the coupled oceanic waves travel more and more slowly within the equatorial ocean basin as the coupling strength increases. When the coupling strength reaches a critical value, the zonally leveled thermocline becomes unstable as a result of the weakening of the effective restoring force, at which the theoretical limit of the traveling timescale would be infinite without nonlinearity. Due to nonlinearity in the coupled system, this primary air–sea interaction instability leads to a west–east asymmetric mean state in which the atmosphere has a prevailing easterly and the ...

Formation of the Cold Tongue and ENSO in the Equatorial Pacific Basin