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The decadal, 12–14-yr cycle observed in the North Atlantic SST and tide gauge data was examined using the NCEP–NCAR reanalyses, the Comprehensive Ocean–Atmosphere Data Set, and an ocean model simulation. SST data are contrasted with tide gauge data, which shows that in SST the decadal mode is nonstationary with strong variability for the last 40–50 yr, but the sea level at the southeastern U.S. coast exhibits a robustly regular variability at this period for the last 75 yr. Thus, sea level variability gives credibility to the existence of a decadal mode. The main finding is that this 12–14-yr cycle can be constructed based on the leading mode of the surface heat flux, which implicates the participation of the thermohaline circulation. This cycle has potential to be a coupled mode because three necessary aspects of a coupled mode are found: a positive feedback between the atmosphere and ocean in the subpolar gyre, a negative feedback of the overturning variability on itself, and a delayed adjustme...

Decadal Air–Sea Interaction in the North Atlantic Based on Observations and Modeling Results