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Triangular spectral elements offer high accuracy in complex geometries, but solving the related matrix problem can be cumbersome and time consuming. In restricted applications, recent developments have led to a family of discontinuous Galerkin formulations in which each element of the mesh leads to a local matrix problem. The main restriction is that all the fluid equations must be prognostic and solved explicitly in time. Such is the case for a hydrostatic ocean with a free surface and a Boussinesq approximation. Furthermore, there is a strong need for variable resolution in ocean modeling since the width of synoptic eddies and strong western currents such as the Gulf Stream are nearly two orders of magnitude smaller than the typical width of an ocean. Triangular elements also offer high flexibility for the adaptive problem. Some applications for shallow water test case problems are shown with comparisons to a traditional finite-difference model and to a finite-element coastal ocean model. These...

The Adaptive Spectral Element Method and Comparisons with More Traditional Formulations for Ocean Modeling