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The immune system normally defends the body against the constant threat of myriad organisms and substances in the surrounding environment. In some individuals immune reactivity becomes inappropriate or excessive, and autoimmune or chronic inflammatory diseases ensue, which usually persist for most of the patient’s life. While chronic inflammation can affect practically any organ, this process is distinctive in the gastrointestinal tract: Whereas most organs contain only a sprinkling of immune cells, the normal gut contains a rich lymphoid compartment that maintains a low level of “physiological” intestinal inflammation. Enteric flora and food antigens are believed to induce and sustain this physiological intestinal inflammation that is transformed into destructive and persistent “pathological” inflammation when the gut is involved by Crohn disease (CD), ulcerative colitis (UC), or other forms of chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).

TGF-&bgr;/Smad signaling defects in inflammatory bowel disease: mechanisms and possible novel therapies for chronic inflammation