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The planning of the Presidential Address is an exciting as well as humiliating experience. In reading the addresses of one's predecessors, one finds much profound and often unremembered wisdom concerning most aspects of biology and medicine. These pleasures are counterbalanced by the fears that there is little room left for originality. We have heard it all before ! When one contemplates returning to the precedent of starting the Monday meeting with a scientific report, relief is only temporary, since a talk on amyloid or heavy chain disease might raise serious questions about the criteria the president used in selecting the program from the many exciting abstracts submitted. At one moment of desperation-after I had looked at the sketches that Dr. Mark Podwal, a former student of mine (now turned half-time dermatologist and halftime artist) had made to illustrate an early draft-I was tempted to dispense with words and to rely entirely on his pictures. The fear that this might be interpreted by the membership as dereliction of duty and, in our current political atmosphere, result in impeachment proceedings, made me stick to tradition. Perhaps the pictures by Dr. Podwal and the dedicated intellectual and editorial collaboration of my wife, Dr. Dorothea Zucker-Franklin, and a few close friends will help provide us with some novel insights into the importance of the individual in science and the steps we must take to preserve his role. In these difficult times, clinical investigation and science in general face so many profound problems that one can exercise a wide choice in picking a subject to discuss. My most recent predecessors have enumerated, bewailed, and on occasion, offered solutions to the many threats facing clinical investigation. Most of the obvious ones, such as the temporary curtailment of research funds, abrogation of training grants, stringent supervision of research in the guise of ethical control, and threats to peer review, serious though they may appear, are only symptoms of a much more profound illness affecting society. What undermines our well-being and gnaws at the very foundations of our institutions is a feeling of distrust: distrust among others of science and of the motives of scientists, suspicion of medicine, and unfortunately, of the motives of physicians. This sickness is subtle, difficult to define, and hence more disturbing, for it cannot be cured by simple measures, such as the release of impounded funds or the pro forma reinstatement of review panels. About the turn of the century, Max Weber observed that "the belief in the value of scientific truth is not derived from nature but is a product of definite cultures", and the sociologist, Merton, has recently added that "this belief can be readily transmuted into doubt and disbelief" (1). Indeed, today a series of deceptions allows the seeds of doubt and disbelief to germinate. Corruption has been unmasked at the highest levels of government. Prevaricated oil shortages have mocked consumers waiting for hours at the pumps until prices had risen sufficiently to allow a sudden return to normalcy. Billboards of healthy, suntanned

the journal of clinical investigation/the journal of clinical investigation

Proceedings of the Sixty-Sixth Annual Meeting of The American Society for Clinical Investigation, Inc. Atlantic City, New Jersey, 6 May 1974. PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. The Individual, Science, and Society