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The effect of alterations in dietary fat on the serum cholesterol level has been extensively studied during recent years. Numerous investigations have shown reductions in the serum lipid level of man after the dietary substitution of many vegetable oils for common animal fats or certain tropical oils such as coconut oil (1-11). The relatively high degree of saturation of coconut oil and fats of animal origin has been associated with their cholesterol elevating effect (8-12) and has led to the concept that saturated fatty acids per se are hyper-cholesterolemic (13). In this regard, Keys, An-derson, and Grande (12) reported that saturated fatty acids were approximately twice as active in raising serum cholesterol as polyunsaturated fatty acids were in reducing it. A reduction in the total unsaturation of the dietary fat, as measured by iodine value, has been reported to elevate serum cholesterol (9). Jolliffe (13) proposed that the effect of dietary fats on the serum cholesterol concentration was a function of their ratio of polyun-saturated to saturated fatty acids (P/S). Although this concept that saturated fatty acids, or dietary fats with low P/S ratios, are hypercholes-terolemic is widely accepted, it has not been uniformly demonstrated. Hashim, Arteaga, and Van Itallie (14), for instance, reported that a tri-glyceride consisting of saturated fatty acids with chain lengths ranging from 6 to 12 carbon atoms was hypocholesterolemic relative to dietary butter-fat. In an earlier study, Hashim, Clancy, Heg-sted, and Stare (15) observed that formula diets containing safflower oil or an equal mixture of * safflower and coconut oil produced a marked and approximately equal reduction in the serum cholesterol level of hypercholesterolemic subjects. The replacement of a low-fat diet or one containing ethyl linoleate with one in which ethyl stearate was the principal dietary fat was shown to have no elevating effect on the serum cholesterol level by Horlick and Craig (16). In a subsequent study. Horlick (17) observed a decline in the serum cholesterol of two subjects when ethyl stearate or a sterol-free, partially hydrogenated soybean oil was added to a low-fat diet. Further evidence that a relatively saturated fat dQes not always result in elevated serum cholesterol values is provided in the findings of Malmros (18). A net reduction was observed in the serum cholesterol level of two subjects after substituting a low-fat diet supplemented with cocoa butter for a free-choice diet. Thus, not all reports in the literature agree as …

the journal of clinical investigation/the journal of clinical investigation

The Effect of Partial Hydrogenation of Dietary Fats, of the Ratio of Polyunsaturated to Saturated Fatty Acids, and of Dietary Cholesterol upon Plasma Lipids in Man *